Updated May 2026 · BLS OEWS 2024
How to Become a Millwright (2024)
Industrial · 4-year apprenticeship · SOC 49-9044
Millwrights earn a national median of $72,209 per 2024 BLS data, with the 90th percentile reaching $146,310 in San Francisco. The standard path is a 4-year registered apprenticeship — paid from day one, no four-year degree required.
What Does a Millwright Do?
Millwrights install, maintain, and repair industrial machinery and equipment in factories, power plants, and construction sites.
Day-to-Day Responsibilities
- Install and align industrial machinery
- Read blueprints and schematic diagrams
- Disassemble and reassemble machinery for maintenance
- Use precision measuring instruments to align equipment
- Troubleshoot mechanical and hydraulic systems
The Path: How to Become a Millwright
- 1
Finish high school or earn a GED
Most apprenticeships require a high school diploma or GED. Strong math (especially algebra and geometry) and reading skills matter for trade exams and blueprint work. - 2
Find a registered apprenticeship
Search apprenticeship.gov for registered programs in your area. Programs are sponsored by unions, contractor associations, or individual employers. Application windows are usually annual. - 3
Complete the 4-year apprenticeship
Apprentices spend roughly 8000+ hours on the job paired with a journeyman, plus 144 classroom hours per year. Pay starts around $40,780 and steps up each year — see the timeline below. - 4
Pass the journeyman exam
Most states require a written + practical exam to earn the journeyman license. The exam covers code knowledge, safety, and practical work scenarios. Pass rates vary 50-80% on the first attempt. - 5
Earn certifications and (optionally) the master license
Layer on specialty certifications (Millwright certification (NCCER or union)) to access higher-paying work. Most states offer a master license after 2-4 additional years of journeyman experience — required for independent contracting in many states. - 6
Climb to the top decile
Top earners ($146,310 in San Francisco) typically reach the 90th percentile through specialization, foreman/supervisor roles, union membership, or running a small contracting business.
Millwright Apprentice Pay Timeline
Hourly wage progression based on industry-standard apprenticeship pay schedules. Actual rates vary by local union or contractor agreement.
| Year | Stage | Hourly | Annual (2,080 hr) | % of Journeyman |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | Apprentice | $42/hr | $87,360 | 120% |
| Year 2 | Apprentice 2 | $55/hr | $114,400 | 157% |
| Year 3 | Apprentice 3 | $70/hr | $145,600 | 200% |
| Year 4 | Pre-journeyman | $87/hr | $180,960 | 249% |
| Journeyman | Licensed | $35/hr | $72,209 | 100% |
| Master / Top 10% | Specialist / Foreman | $70/hr | $146,310 | 203% |
Required Certifications & Licenses
- ✓Millwright certification (NCCER or union)
- ✓Welding certifications
- ✓OSHA 10/30-Hour
- ✓Rigging and machinery moving certifications
Skills You'll Need to Build
Work Environment
Millwrights work in factories, power plants, and construction sites. Work involves heavy lifting, confined spaces, and travel to remote job sites.
Job Outlook
Steady demand for maintaining aging industrial equipment. Automation and robotics are creating new millwright specialties.
Source: BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook.
Millwright Pay by City
The highest-paying metros for millwrights, with cost-of-living-adjusted pay so you can compare real take-home.
| City | Median | Top 10% | Grade |
|---|---|---|---|
| San Francisco, CA | $110,830 | $146,310 | C |
| New York, NY | $86,020 | $117,260 | D |
| Seattle, WA | $84,140 | $164,060 | C |
| Los Angeles, CA | $84,010 | $128,670 | C |
| Detroit, MI | $83,860 | $90,050 | B |
| Milwaukee, WI | $83,800 | $93,570 | B |
| Chicago, IL | $83,180 | $117,480 | C |
| Denver, CO | $81,600 | $100,620 | C |
| St. Louis, MO | $75,990 | $98,410 | C |
| Kansas City, MO | $75,870 | $94,900 | C |
Frequently Asked Questions
Most millwrights complete a 4-year registered apprenticeship — typically 8000+ hours of paid on-the-job training plus 144 classroom hours per year. After completing the apprenticeship and passing the journeyman exam, you can work independently. Master-level certification (where applicable) usually takes another 2-4 years of journeyman experience.
No. Millwrights do not require a four-year college degree. The standard credential is a journeyman license earned through a paid apprenticeship registered with the U.S. Department of Labor at https://www.apprenticeship.gov/. Some workers complete a 1- or 2-year certificate at a community or trade college before applying — but the journeyman license is what employers actually require.
Millwright apprentices typically start at $40,780 per year (10th percentile) and progress upward each year of the apprenticeship. By year 3, pay usually reaches the 50th percentile around $72,209. All training is paid — apprentices are W-2 employees of contractors or unions, not students paying tuition.
Common millwright certifications include: Millwright certification (NCCER or union); Welding certifications; OSHA 10/30-Hour; Rigging and machinery moving certifications. Most states also require a journeyman license; some have a separate master license for independent work.
Millwrights earn a national median of $72,209 (Trade Pay Score grade C), wages have grown 6% over the past 5 years, and the BLS counts roughly 11,870 millwright jobs nationwide. The work is physically demanding and the apprenticeship is real, but the trade clears the bar for living-wage, debt-free career entry.
The U.S. Department of Labor maintains a searchable database of registered apprenticeship programs at https://www.apprenticeship.gov/. Local building trades councils, IBEW/UA/IUPAT/IBB union halls, and trade school career offices also place candidates directly. Most apprenticeships have one open application window per year — check listings early.
Wage figures from BLS OEWS 2024. Apprentice pay schedules from industry-standard registered programs. Career outlook from BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 2032 projections.